Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and Its Natural Alternatives and Substitutes such as Quercetin and Epigallocatechin Gallate Function as Zinc Ionophores and are Effective Against Viral Infections Such as the Novel Coronavirus Covid-19 When Used in Combination with Zinc Sulfate, an Antiviral Agent

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) needs to be taken with zinc sulfate together to maximize its effectiveness.

Natural hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) alternatives and substitutes such as quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate (or EGCG) are available.

Dr. Vladimir Zelenko, a medical doctor and board-certified family practitioner in New York who has reportedly treated over 1,500 novel coronavirus Covid-19 patients successfully with 99% success rate, recommends hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its natural substitutes and alternatives such as quercetin (a plant flavonol found in capers, cilantro, red onions, etc.) and epigallocatechin gallate (or EGCG, found in green tea) taken together with Zinc Sulfate, an antiviral agent.

Zinc is an antiviral agent

An abundance of evidence has accumulated over the past 50 years has reported that zinc has a broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a variety of viruses. Increased intracellular Zinc concentrations inhibit RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and other proteins essential for the completion of different phases of the virus life cycle. Further, zinc also helps to maintain robust immune responses by producing cytokine and by modulation of immune cell activity. Therefore, it could be concluded that zinc might be effective against the novel coronavirus, or the Covid 19 virus (see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7365891/).

Zinc sulfate (also sometimes spelled as zinc sulphate), best form of zinc compound to release ionic zinc

In order for zinc to be transmitted around the body and available for metabolic use, it must be present in a chemically reacted form called an ion. Therefore, ionic zinc has to be released from zinc compounds or supplements in order to cause its antiviral effects in human body's metabolism. Zinc sulfate is one of the best forms of zinc compound to be digested.

Zinc ionophores such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), quercetin, and epigallocatechin gallate (or EGCG) can deliver zinc ions across cell membranes, increasing their antiviral effects

Zinc ionophores are lipid-soluble molecules that transport zinc ions across lipid cell membranes. In other words, as explained by Dr. Anthony Michael Cardillo, MD, a seasoned physician with ten years of experience in the emergency ER, zinc ionophore such as "hydroxychloroquine opens the zinc channel, zinc goes into the cell, it then blocks the replication of the cellular machinery. So it has to be used in conjunction with zinc to be effective."

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is one of the zinc ionophores prescribed by doctors, previously to treat diseases such as malaria. There have been studies showing its effectiveness against the novel coronavirus Covid-19 when used along with zinc. When used alone, some studies have show its effectiveness, while others showed no benefit. It is emphasized by many medical doctors that zinc ionophores such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have to be used together with zinc, preferably zinc sulfate (also sometimes spelled as zinc sulphate). When used alone, its effectiveness depends on the zinc reserves of the patient. If the patient already has adequate amount of zinc reserve, then hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) can help to carry the zinc ions across cell membranes for their antiviral effects. If the patient does not already have an adequate amount zinc reserve, then there would not be sufficient amount of zinc ions for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) to carry them across into the cells.

There are other naturally occurring zinc ionophores such as quercetin, and epigallocatechin gallate (or EGCG). Quercetin is a plant flavonol that is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains. Cilantro, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of quercetin. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), on the other hand, is most abundant in teas such as green tea. Therefore, if one cannot obtain hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for one reason or another, natural alternatives or substitutes such as quercetin, and epigallocatechin gallate (or EGCG) can be used.

As broad-spectrum antiviral agents, zinc ionophores and zinc sulfate, when used together, are effective against other viruses in vitro, including coxsackievirus, equine arteritis virus, HCV, HSV, HCoV-229E, HIV, mengovirus, rhinovirus, Zika virus.

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